substituted service
substituted service 替代送达 (→service of process)
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Any method of service allowed by law in place of personal service, such as service by mail. — Also termed constructive service. [Cases: Federal Civil Procedure 414; Process 69–83. C.J.S. Process §§ 50–57, 73–75.]
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service of process 诉讼书状送达 1在美国,送达是指将令状、传票、诉状等送交有关当事人的行为。送达的基本方式有两种:一是直接送达〔personal service〕,即直接将诉状或传票等的副本送交受送达人,或将其留在受送达人的住所或经常居住地的负有责任的人〔responsible person〕,或送交受送达人指定的有权接收的人;二是推定送达〔constructive service〕或替代送达〔substituted service〕,指直接送达以外的任何送达方式,主要有邮寄送达〔service by mail〕和在报纸上公告送达〔sevice by publication〕。送达书状是法院对某人取得对人管辖权的基本方式,但有时为了行使对物或准对物管辖权〔in rem or quasi in rem jurisdiction〕,也要进行某种形式的送达,如公告送达。2在英国,送达是指将令状或其他司法文件的内容使有关的当事人知晓的行为。送达的基本方式也有两种:一是直接送达〔direct service〕,即将文件直接送交受送达人或受送达物。对传唤令〔writ of summons〕及某些其他司法文件都要求直接送达。送达对象是人时,称对人的送达〔personal service〕。在普通诉讼中,只需向被告人送达传唤令的副本,若被告人要求,应向其出示正本。送达对象是物时,称对物的送达〔real service〕。如在对船舶提起的普通海事对物诉讼〔admiralty action in rem against a ship〕中,只需将传唤令的正本贴在船舶的桅杆上片刻,然后取下来,再将其副本贴上,即认为令状已经有效送达。二是替代送达〔substituted service〕,当受送达人始终位于难以到达的偏远地方或其下落不明时,可以采用替代送达,包括将文件直接送交给可能将该文件带给受送达人知晓的人(如他的妻子或代理人等),或公告文件内容,或将文件副本邮寄往当事人的地址。还有一种与替代送达类似的送达方式称「接受送达」〔accepting service〕,由受送达人的事务律师在令状上签注说明由他代表被告人接受令状的送达。有些仅构成其他诉答书状的基础的文件不要求直接送达或替代送达,而只需将文件留在受送达人的地址或其事务律师的地址即可,如申请通知〔notice of motion〕、申诉书〔petitions〕等即用此种方式送达。
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service, n. 1. The formal delivery of a writ, summons, or other legal process ( after three attempts, service still had not been accomplished). — Also termed service of process. [Cases: Federal Civil Procedure 411–518; Process 48–150. C.J.S. Process §§ 26–91.] 2. The formal delivery of some other legal notice, such as a pleading (be
affidavit of inquiry 〈美〉调查宣誓书 根据某些州的法院规则,对缺席的被告人,如果原告律师或其他了解事实者的宣誓书能表明经过仔细的调查后发现无法在州内向被告人进行送达时,可对其适用替代送达方式〔substituted service of process〕。
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viis et modis (vI-is et moh-dis). [Latin] Eccles. law. By all ways and means. • In ecclesiastical courts, service of a decree or citation viis et modis is equivalent to substituted service in temporal courts. It requires posting of a notice where a person is likely to be found. This type of service is contrasted
An affidavit, required in certain states before substituted service of process on an absent defendant, in which the plaintiff’s attorney or a person with knowledge of the facts indicates that the defendant cannot be served within the state. [Cases: Process 74, 137. C.J.S. Process §§ 57, 89.]
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posting. 1. Accounting. The act of transferring an original entry to a ledger. 2. The act of mailing a letter. 3. A method of substituted service of process by displaying the process in a prominent place (such as the courthouse door) when other forms of service have failed. See SERVICE(1). [Cases: Process 81. C.J.S. Process
long arm statutes 〈美〉长臂法 指各种州立法,它规定对非本州居民或法人的被告,如果和本州存在某种联系(如在本州拥有财产、从事商业活动、实施了侵权行为等),则可通过传票的替代送达〔substituted service of process〕对之行使对人管辖权〔personal jurisdiction〕。如纽约州规定,对非本州居民或法人亲自或通过代理人实施下列行为,由此而引起诉讼时,本州可适用长臂法对其行使管辖权:1在本州内从事任何商业活动;2在本州内实施除诽谤〔defamation〕以外的侵权行为;3在本州以外实施除诽谤以外的侵权行为,但给本州内的人身或财产造成了损害,且该非本州居民或法人一贯在本州内从事商业活动或从事任何其他持续性的活动,或从本州内的财产或服务取得实质性的收益;4在本州拥有、使用或占有不动产。
edictal citation. Scots & Roman Dutch law. A form of summons to appear in court, treated as having been served by public proclamation when personal service is impossible (as when a defendant is out of Scotland or cannot be found). — Also termed edictal intimation. See substituted service under SERVICE.